Despite the recent development of advanced building materials and protective methods, conventional concrete
continues to be preferred in the construction of important surface structures, sub-surface and other
infrastructure facilities where the threat of air-blast, shock or ballistic loading is likely to cause substantial
injury to personnel and damage to equipment inside the building. However, the residual strength of concrete
becomes questionable once damage has occurred. This could result from a first wave attack on the facility.
Resistance of the damaged concrete, thereafter, is indeterminate. Therefore, increasing the survivability of
the material is a critical factor to avoid further degradation from potential repeated blast or impact loading.

Authors:
T S Lok (ctslok@ntu.edu.sg)

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